The Parisian club has now won the prestigious cup on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions victory.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the French league champions and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
Yet, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to take a shock lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving decisive kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 shootout win.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 years.